It is often more difficult for outsiders and non-sufferers to understand mental rather than physical illness in others. While it may be easy for us to sympathise with individuals living with the burden of a physical illness or disability, there is often a stigma attached to being mentally ill, or a belief that such conditions only exist in individuals who lack the strength of character to cope with the real world. The pressures of modern life seem to have resulted in an increase in cases of emotional disharmony and government initiatives in many countries have, of late, focussed on increasing the general public’s awareness and sympathy towards sufferers of mental illness and related conditions.
Clinical depression, or ‘major depressive disorder’, a state of extreme sadness or despair, is said to affect up to almost 20% of the population at some point in their lives prior to the age of 40. Studies have shown that this disorder is the leading cause of disability in North America; in the UK almost 3 million people are said to be diagnosed with some form of depression at any one time, and experts believe that as many as a further 9 million other cases may go undiagnosed. World Health Organisation projections indicate that clinical depression may become the second most significant cause of disability’ on a global scale by 2020. However, such figures are not unanimously supported, as some experts believe that the diagnostic criteria used to identify՛ the condition are not precise enough, leading to other types of depression being wrongly classified as ‘clinical’.
Many of us may…
Questions 1–5
Reading Passage 1 has seven sections A-G. Which paragraph contains the following information?
1.Details of treatment alternatives for worst case scenario depression.
2.Information regarding cases where drug treatment is inappropriate.
In response to the emergence of the ‘metro-sexual’ male, In other words, an urban, sophisticated man who is fashionable, well-groomed and unashamedly committed to ensuring his appearance is the best it can be, a whole new industry has developed. According to research conducted on behalf of a leading health and beauty retailer in the UK, the market for male cosmetics and related products has grown by 800% since the year 2000 and is expected to continue to increase significantly. The male grooming products market has become the fastest growing sector within the beauty and cosmetics industry, currently equivalent to around 1.5 billion pounds per annum.
Over the last decade, a large number of brands and companies catering for enhancement of the male image have been successfully established, such operations ranging from male-only spas, boutiques, personal hygiene products, hair and skin care ranges, and male magazines with a strong leaning towards men’s fashion. Jamie Cawley, proprietor of a successful chain of London-based male grooming boutiques, holds that his company’s success in this highly competitive market can be attributed to the ‘exclusivity’ tactics they have employed, in that their products and services are clearly defined as male- orientated and distinctly separate to feminine products offered by other organisations. However, market analyst, Kim Sawyer, believes that future growth in the market can also be achieved through sale of unisex products marketed to both genders, this strategy becoming increasingly easy to implement as men’s interest in appearance and…
Questions 14–18
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A-G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-D and F-G from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i to viii in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
The benefits of vitamins to our well-being are now familiar to most; however, when the link between diets lacking in citrus fruits and the development of the affliction ‘scurvy’ in sailors was first discovered by James Lind in 1747, the concept of vitamins was yet to be discovered. Scurvy, which causes softening of the gums, oral bleeding and, in extreme cases, tooth loss, is now known to present as a result of lack of Vitamin C in the diet. Additional symptoms include depression, liver spots on the skin – particularly arms and legs – loss of colour in the face and partial immobility; high incidence of the ailment aboard ships took an enormous toll on the crew’s ability to complete essential tasks while at sea.
Suggestions that citrus fruit may lower the incidence or indeed prevent scurvy had been made as early as 1600. It was Lind, however, who would conduct the first clinical trial by studying the effect within scientific experimental parameters. However, while the correlation between consuming citrus fruit and avoidance of scurvy was established, the preventative properties were attributed to the presence of acids in the fruit and not what would later be identified as vitamin content.
Lind’s subjects for his trial consisted of twelve sailors already exhibiting symptoms of scurvy. These individuals were split into six groups; each pair common diet. Pair 1 were rationed a daily quart of cider, pair 2 elixir of vitriol, pair 3 a given quantity of vinegar, pair 4 seawater, pair 5 oranges and a lemon and pair 6 barley water. Despite the trial having to be aborted after day…
Questions 28–31
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet.
28.In advanced cases of scurvy suffers may experience along with numerous other symptoms.
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Answers & explanations
Every answer is available. The first 3 explanations are free; PrepGo Premium unlocks the rest.
40 answers3 explanations open
1
E
Question 1 is about treatment alternatives for worst cases related to depression. Look at the last sentence in paragraph E, 'extreme cases' in this paragraph is equivalent to 'worst case scenario depression' in the question. Also, in that situation, 'psychiatric hospitalization' is considered a necessary alternative. Therefore, the correct answer for Q1 should be E.
2
F
Question 2 is about some cases when drug treatment is not required. Look at the first sentence in paragraph F, in some cases such as 'ordinary sadness and maladjustment', psychotherapy is preferred instead of using 'treatment through medication'. So the answer for Q2 should be F.
3
C
Question 3 is about the way people suffering from depression compared with others in society. Take a look at the last sentence of paragraph C, it is mentioned that sufferers tend to be 'at higher risk of resorting to drug abuse or even suicide attempts' in comparison with the rest. Therefore, the answer for Q3 should be C.
4
A
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B
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6
C
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7
E
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8
G
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9
I
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10
B
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11
H
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12
D
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13
G
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14
iii
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15
ii
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16
v
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17
vii
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18
i
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19
NOT GIVEN
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20
FALSE
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21
TRUE
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22
TRUE
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23
C
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24
B
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25
A
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26
D
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27
B
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28
tooth loss
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29
preventative properties
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30
exhibiting symptoms
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31
common diet
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32
C
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33
B
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34
A
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C
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36
pre-clinical
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sequence
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38
optimum
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39
complex
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40
withdrawal
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Understand why, not only what.
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